LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF HEALTH CARE
You need to look at the previous three case assignments and SLP assignments to help with this final SLP assignment.
Explore and outline what policy or employee education program you will propose to address the problems you identified in prior modules.
As the Assistant Manager of a Home Health Agency, explain why the proposed policy and/or the employee education program are appropriate for addressing the problems.
Length: 3-4 pages, excluding title page and references.
** ATTACHMENTS THAT REFERENCE FROM THE PREVIOUS THREE CASES AND SLP
Running Head: PUBLIC HEALTH, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND HEALTH STATISTICS
PUBLIC HEALTH, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND HEALTH STATISTICS
7
Public Health, Epidemiology, and Health Statistics
Jaydin Davis
Trident at American InterContinental University
Module 1 Case: BHS499 Senior Capstone Project
Dr. Robert Grice
December 16, 2020
Introduction to TB Epidemiology
One of the world’s most prevalent diseases is TB infection. An approximate 2 billion people have M. Tuberculosis. Around 10 million people are living with TB each year, and 1.6 million die from TB annually. TB is probably the world’s greatest cause of death because of infectivity (World Health Organization, 2017). In the U.S., doctors and other health care providers are constitutionally obliged to disclose tuberculosis reports to their state or municipal health departments. For tuberculosis surveillance, monitoring is critical. If the health department is aware of a new TB occurrence, action should be taken to ensure the individual gets proper attention and care.
The health department can also launch a contact inquiry. This ensures that a person with TB disease is interviewed first to decide who is otherwise vulnerable to TB. Those exposed to TB would eventually be screened for TB and tuberculosis. The fifty states, the Districts of Puerto Rico Columbia, New York City, and seven other counties report the TB cases to CDC using the regular case reporting mechanism called the Checked Case TB report. The report is a case reporting mechanism (RVCT) (World Health Organization, 2017). To ensure it satisfies certain requirements, any confirmed case of TB is reviewed. Each year are all cases that satisfy the requirements.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Data track
CDC uses this data to track the developments for national TB, identify the critical needs, and prepare the annual reporting report. In 1953 there were far more than 84,000 cases in the United States when national TB records first began. The number of cases of TB declined by an average of 6% annually from 1953 to 1984. The number of tuberculosis cases dropped by 22,201 in 1985. However, in 1986 TB cases were increased, the first considerable increase since 1953. From 1985 to 1992, the number of new cases increased from 22,201 in 1985 to 26,673 in 1992, a rise of about 20% (Figure 2.1).
Figure 2.1
Factors that contribute to global resurgence of TB
At least five causes can be attributed to the increase in TB cases between 1985 and 1992:
· Insufficient support for TB regulation and other initiatives in public health
· HIV Patients
· High levels of immigration from TB-type countries
· TB diffusion in certain configurations (for example, homeless shelters and correctional facilities)
· The dissemination of multi-drug TB (MDR TB)
Statistics of TB in the United States and Globally
In 1993, the recent TB cases reversed their upward trajectory. The number of cases reduced per year between 1993 and 2014, and again between 2016 and 2017. However, the total number of TB cases identified in the United States rose marginally in 2015(Lewinsohn, 2017). The cumulative number of TB cases since nationwide monitoring started in 1953 was 9,105, and the lowest number of TB cases since that time.
TB infection and TB disease frequently occur in persons born in places where TB is widespread in the United States, such as Asia, Africa, Russia, the east of Europe, and Latin America. There are mainly Non-U.S. M contact and illness exist with born individuals. In their country of birth, tuberculosis. About two-thirds (70%) of all CDC cases registered for TB in 2017 were in Non-US countries (Lewinsohn, 2017). People who have been born reflects more than twice as many as 1993 when 29% of TB cases were registered in Non-US countries than people who have been born. To respond to high TB rates in non-US countries. CDC and other local and international public health organizations work on born citizens to:
· Develop the process of immigration and refugees in the outside world and the home
· Strengthen the new warning mechanism alerting health providers to the arrival of immigrants or TB-suspected refugees
· Tests to ensure treatment completion for new immigrants from the country in which TB infection is widespread.
Persons applying for immigrant and refugee status would be tuberculosis checked by medical practitioners identified as panel doctors before settling in the USA. Before entering the United States, immigrants with TB disease must be treated. Furthermore, at screening, many refugees are afflicted with latent TB but not TB disease (Fojo, 2017). These people may develop TB months or years after they arrive in the USA. Immigrants reported as having an infectious disease of TB or TB disease are reported to the health authorities after their overseas inspection. This warning mechanism encourages health departments to guarantee that patients are reviewed and, if appropriate, treated with TB. U.S.-based medical practitioners known as civil surgeons test and examine TB-based immigrants residing in the U.S. who qualify for permanent residency or citizenship.
Summary of Continuing Challenges to TB Control and Conclusion
In the United States, certain lifestyle habits, including opioid use, are the cause of TB. Smoking can harm the spleen and lungs, resulting in smoking becoming excessively polluted. Tobacco smokers subject you to problems with aviation that increase the chance of tuberculosis. The socially crowded spaces are another feature of behavior that leads a person to get tuberculosis (Fojo, 2017). Furthermore, it’s a possible reason to move around and live there (s). It is viral and can spread by sneezing and cough. It can be propagated by drinks shared with others who have the disease and fear transmitting or contacting the disease with somebody who has already been diagnosed. Excessive cough, night-time sweating, tears, frostbites, and upheaval in the stomach are tube symptoms. The illness will cause heart pain and vomiting. Tuberculosis and meningitis can lead to coughing.
Deficient diagnosis and treatment; extension of Direct Observable Therapy (DOTS) of the Multilateral Tuberculosis (MDRTB), World Health Organization (WHO); and Co-infection with HIV. Old and mostly inadequate diagnostic techniques are used for TB. Pulmonary TB spectroscopy developed in 1882 is not able to detect smear-negative or non-pulmonary TB and is far less reliable in individuals or children that have HIV Virus whose smear findings are always negative (Lewinsohn, 2017). The key issue with these treatments is the need for extended care: schemas usually prescribed for 6-9 months and the lack of lengthy treatment courses leads to reactive stress and recurrence. Drugs generally used to manage TB have also existed on the marketplace for several years: isoniazid was first utilized in 1952 and rifampicin in 1965 and ethambutol in 1968 (World Health Organization, 2017). WHO initiated the 1991 DOTS program to help deal with these onerous therapies and comprises 5 main components: sputum smear microscopy case detection; Government effort to control tuberculosis; daily medicines supply; controlled therapy; and progress reports health system.
References
Fojo, A. T., Stennis, N. L., Azman, A. S., Kendall, E. A., Shrestha, S., Ahuja, S. D., & Dowdy, D. W. (2017). Current and future trends in tuberculosis incidence in New York City: a dynamic modelling analysis. Lancet Public Health, 2(7), e323-e330. Obtained from Trident Online Library.
Lewinsohn, D. M., Leonard, M. K., LoBue, P. A., Cohn, D. L., Daley, C. L., Desmond, E., … & Woods, G. L. (2017 January 15). Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: Diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 64(2), 111-5. Accessed from LINK:https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/64/2/111/2811357
World Health Organization. (2017). Ethics guidance for the implementation of the End TB strategy. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254820/1/9789241512114-eng.pdf?ua=1
Running Head: HEALTH BEHAVIOR, COMMUNICATION AND ADVOCACY
1
HEALTH BEHAVIOR, COMMUNICATION AND ADVOCACY
7
Health Behavior, Communication, and Advocacy
Jaydin Davis
Trident at American InterContinental University
Module 2 Case: BHS499 Senior Capstone Project
Dr. Robert Grice
December 22, 2020
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis one of the bacteria-related infectious diseases. The tuberculosis bacteria are called mycobacterium tuberculosis. The lifestyle of the patient triggers the disorder. Tuberculosis affects the lungs and kills a lot worldwide. Tuberculosis is stated to have the highest prevalence in most countries. Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest, affecting both gender and reproductive women in most cases (OCPHS1, 2014). When the illness attacks a victim, a lot of money is spent on medical treatment, which is a burden for the person and the family. The use of air spreads tuberculosis amongst individuals. Therefore, it is transferred by air. If you have tuberculosis and, in a crowd, you can pass the disease to others during the meeting. In most cases, the risk of infection by the disease is greater within children.
Relevant Health Behaviors Contributing to TB
Many health-related habits, such as the use of drugs, cause tuberculosis. For many people globally, drugs are very vulnerable, for instance, a smoker, to tuberculosis (OCPHS1, 2014). For a human to smoke is risky. Tobacco smokers expose you to aeronautical problems, which increase the likelihood of TB. Smoking can affect the spleen and lungs, resulting in tuberculosis infections due to too much smoking. Many signs and symptoms suggest the infection has infected a person. These causes include constant cough, sweating at night, nausea, frostbite, and even upset stomach. Heart pains can also be another of the disease’s primary symptoms. A person’s smoking activity should be discouraged because this adds to contamination with the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017).
Another behavioral aspect that triggers tuberculosis in a person is attending social places, which are crowded. This is how many people can meet at social venues, such as meetings or movies. Because the disease is infectious, a person can transmit it, and coughing can spread to other persons. In such a situation, a person may discourage huge crowds from attending to prevent them from becoming victims of the disease. Drug misuse is a significant contributor to tuberculosis risk.
The use of alcohol may also cause tuberculosis infection. Individuals who consume drugs such as alcohol often exchange drinks with their friends or even acquaintances, who pose a massive danger to their wellbeing (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). They may share the same with someone who has already been infected because he can quickly catch the disease because the disease is airborne. Additional causes that make the disorder more likely include driving a lot and staying in certain specific areas. For example, when you go to a place where tuberculosis is normal, you might get the illness.
Surveillance System that Monitors TB
In the United States, numerous surveillance programs were implemented to help track and monitor possible infectious diseases. The steps were taken to reduce the distribution of the impact of diseases on humans. One of the biggest control systems is implementing organic monitoring systems (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). These programs have a variety of knowledge, both on human health and on different infectious agents. The machine controls all animal pests, water quality, air quality, and helps prevent natural pandemics and bioterrorism. This led to the management and prevention of disease outbreaks in the US. This was achievable with the use of technologies and the digital transformation of health problems. The detection of bio-terrorism tracks and recognizes all potential diseases. All this was possible by the concerted efforts of numerous healthcare stakeholders. Consequently, bioterrorism has played an important part in preventing illnesses that may have led to death.
For tracking to work, professional workers must enforce this framework (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). The staff handling of this system needs to be able to operate in the divisions. This system can be easily managed with a great deal of money. These control devices have been supplied in numerous health facilities throughout the world. This development has greatly helped to prevent the infection from spreading and harming more people.
Risk Communication Essential for Sara’s Co-Workers
The risk of communication on health issues is critical (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Risk communication requires sensitizing workers or someone else to gain knowledge about such pathogens, which can pose several life threats. Sara wanted to express danger to her staff to obtain some awareness of multiple health problems. Risk communication offers some important knowledge about different viruses that can affect a person’s health and the different symptoms and complications. Sara’s co-workers were trained to be very vigilant of something strange in their lives. The staff began to adjust some of their actions to prevent any issues. They were trained for any crises in their working atmosphere with danger coordination.
There are main factors that should be considered in designing crisis and risk coordination communications to ensure their efficacy. The viewer is one of the key things to remember. Be specific on whether the crisis and risk dialog massage is meant to target the target audience. The message to be sent should inform the target group precisely what they should do. The audience can also provide input about what the intended audience should learn about the illness or tragedy (OCPHS1, 2014). The message should provide specific detail about the individual message. It’s often necessary for the target group to know the disease’s probability of training them mentally.
Components in Developing Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Messages
Messages on crisis and emergency concerns should also provide the target group with a guide on how to escape the crisis if it continues. This lets them mitigate threats; for instance, in the case of an epidemic outbreak, how best they can avoid disaster effects (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). This is of great assistance to the victims as it aims to keep the epidemic from spreading to a broader region. The channel used is another critical factor in creating a contact message for disaster and emergency threats. The correspondence sent should also acknowledge the appropriate media or pass on the intended audience’s intended information. Proper networks can be used to meet the target audience in advance before the disaster arises. The information is shared.
The response to be sent out must also be extremely reliable, as a major aspect of the crisis and emergency risk communication message. The message to the objective demographic must be brief and concise for the audience. The message must be delivered in a verbal that the listener understands undoubtedly (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). If a common language is used to relay crucial information, people can quickly grasp what the message contains. The basic use of language and the correct medium allows to faster relay information to a wide region. It aims to increase awareness of the problem of the situation and encourages everyone to solve it.
Conclusion
Tuberculosis is an infection that is very quickly spread from person to person since it is an infectious disease. We heard about different behavioral influences that stimulate disease infection and spread. In order, so people do not fall prey to the disease, it is important to consider any of these causes of TB. It is important to sensitize everybody to learn more about different health issues. Healthy health is what all individuals seek, and we should all be very careful about issues relating to our wellbeing (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). There should be a great deal of study to provide us with better knowledge. To help curb health issues, innovations should be implemented.
References
OCPHS1 (2014). What Is Tuberculosis? Retrieved from Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFZ1TEDJlqI.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017, July 26). 5 things to know about TB . Available from LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA_fObLY6GE&list=PLvrp9iOILTQbLgGgFba6x9cwBZT3GfQMV
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018). Tuberculosis (TB). Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Accessed at http://www.cdc.gov/tb/
HEALTH DELIVERY 1
HEALTH DELIVERY 5
Health Delivery and Cross-Cultural Health Perspectives
Jaydin Davis
Trident at American InterContinental University
Module 3 Case: BHS499 Senior Capstone Project
Dr. Robert Grice
January 7, 2021
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global threat with a third of the world population either infected or exposed to the disease. TB is an infectious and contagious disease that is caused by a bacterium referred to as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (CDC, n.d.). The bacterium is known to attack the lungs and will at times attack other parts of the body like the liver, kidney, spine, and brain. It is highly infectious as it is transmitted from airborne particles called droplet nuclei. When a healthy person breathes these droplets they become infected. The prevention of TB is through masks and vaccines whereby people with active TB are identified and cured. Curing is through antibiotics provided which will make them less infectious to others. The use of masks is part of infection control where they are used to limit transmission of TB. The current scenario will provide preventive measures for TB.
How could have the organization prevented the likelihood of Sara and her co-worker contracting the disease?
TB is a highly infectious disease with the CDC (n.d.) stating that the disease is carried through airborne particles called droplet nuclei. The droplets are usually generated when an infected person will cough, sneeze or shout and the infected droplets may stay in the air for several hours. The information from the CDC shows that the disease is airborne and in the workplace environment various precautionary measures can be taken to limit the spread. In the case of Sara and her co-worker, the organization could have taken various measures to limit the spread. These measures include ensuring the offices are well ventilated because adequate ventilation will lead to the removal of infectious droplet nuclei. The air circulation also plays an important role in the removal of the infectious droplet nuclei. The World Health Organization (2008) provided various measures that will help in the prevention of TB like detection of sources, contact tracing, infection control, and BCG vaccination. Among the measures provided by the WHO, infection control, detection of sources, and contact tracing would have prevented the likelihood of Sara and co-workers contracting the disease.
Role and responsibilities of the organization in providing safety to workers
The organization’s management, operations, and staff all play an important role in ensuring a safe work environment. This shows that everyone in the organization has a role to play when it comes to health and safety at the workplace. Ndjoulou et al., (2015) looked at occupational safety and health in the prevention of injuries and illness at the workplace. Occupational health and safety-related to the health and safety issues in the workplace. It is a field of public health and provides the various responsibilities of everyone in the organization in ensuring the health and safety of the workers. The management is tasked with ensuring the organization complies with the rules of the Occupational Health and Safety Act. The management is also tasked with establishing policies on health and safety, the establishment of a Joint Health and Safety Committee, and ensuring the workers comply with the policies on health and safety. The supervisors should be able to warn and advise the workers on any potential danger at the workplace. The dangers include infectious and contagious diseases like TB and COVID-19.
Rights and responsibilities of workers in ensuring their own safety in the organization
The workers also play an important role in ensuring their own safety at the workplace. The Occupational Health and Safety Act provides for various roles and responsibilities of the workers when it comes to their safety at the workplace. The workers should ensure they adhere to the policies on health and safety, report any known work hazards and violations of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, and knowing their rights when it comes to their health and safety. When the workers know their rights under the Occupational Health and Safety Act they will be able to adhere to their roles in the organization while ensuring the organization complies with the Occupational Health and Safety Act.
Leadership qualities needed to prevent workers from being exposed to communicable diseases
Noor (2019) suggested that participative leadership, contingency leadership, and transformational leadership are effective in case of a disease outbreak. These leadership theories will be also effective in preventing workers from being exposed to communicable diseases. The leadership theories show that leaders have similar characteristics when it comes to the management of communicable diseases like being able to make difficult decisions. There are tough decisions when dealing with diseases which may include the closure of the organization to protect the workers. These leaders have the ability to take the right risks which are usually calculated. They can understand the feelings of the team members which makes them protective of the team members.
Conclusion
TB is an infectious and contagious disease that is spread through the air. This makes the disease very contagious and deadly in an organizational setting. The scenario provided shows that the organization should have implemented preventive measures like infection control, detection of sources, and contact tracing (WHO, 2008).
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Tuberculosis. Basic TB Facts. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm
Ndjoulou, Fidèle & Desmarais, Lise & Pérusse, Michel. (2015). Employer Responsibility for Occupational Health and Safety: Challenges, Issues, and Approaches. Journal of Management Policies and Practices. 3. 1-8. 10.15640/jmpp.v3n1a1.
Noor, Mohd Tariq. (2019). LEADERSHIP THEORIES IN DISEASE OUTBREAK MANAGEMENT. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences. 5. 2289-7577.
Who. (2008). Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: A Handbook for National Tuberculosis Control Programs. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. Part I, Tuberculosis care and prevention. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310767/
Running Head: THE HISTORY OF TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
THE HISTORY OF TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
6
The History of Tuberculosis (TB)
Jaydin Davis
Trident at American InterContinental University
Module 1 SLP: BHS499 Senior Capstone Project
Dr. Robert Grice
December 17, 2020
The History of Tuberculosis (TB)
1989 saw the goal of reducing the rate of United States’ tuberculosis by 2010 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was introduced. The United States released a plan for the elimination of TB in 1989 and reassessed this strategy in 1999 intending to define the steps required for the elimination of TB (Stewart, 2018). The TB revival happened towards the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s derailed this target. The following aspects contributed to this revival:
· The initiation of the outbreak of HIV;
· High levels of immigration in countries in which tuberculosis has indeed been common;
· TB in collective situations; and transmission;
· Multi-resistant (MDR) TB growth.
These factors occurred when, over decades of funding cuts, TB control, and other efforts in public health were inadequately supported and the TB control program was deteriorating. As a result, TB control officers in the federal, state, and local governments had very little resources for TB control. The United States subsequently renewed its TB control commitment in the 1990s and mobilized new resources (Stewart, 2018). In 1993, the rising trend in new TB cases has been reversed, while the number of new TB cases has been declining until 2011. This is due to the increased funds and resources that TB programs have been able to strengthen their controls to:
· Identify citizens with tuberculosis promptly;
· Begin proper care for TB patients; and Ensure full care for patients. Since the pace for TB disease has been unparalleled, TB removal faces several major obstacles.
· TB disease in populations at high risk where identification, diagnosis, and treatment is difficult;
· The global epidemic of TB continues and grows;
· Present monitoring mechanisms restrictions and experimental experiments and therapies including successful vaccines.
Resurgence and Data of tuberculosis Trend since 1980s
In the mid-1980s, the resurgence of TB disease was characterized by years of rising cases before its peak in 1992. Counts of cases started to drop in 1993 and 2011 the cumulative number of cases of TB registered in the USA since the largest re-emergence was 19 years downwards (Figure 1.1). The number of TB cases decreased by 5 – 7% per year between 1993 and 2002. Though from 2003 to 2008 the rates tended to decrease, it was slightly slower (Shrestha and Hill, 2017). In 2009 however, the overall number of TB cases was down over 10% between 2008 and 2009, with the decrease unparalleled. There were a total of 10,528 confirmed cases of TB in 2011. This marks a 5.8% fall from 2010 (Table 1.1).
Figure 1.1
Table 1.1
National Trend and Resurgence of Tuberculosis
Although the total number of incidents has declined since 1993, nationwide patterns continue to record cases. To detect patterns in particular states or territories, it is important to concentrate on local epidemiology. The revival of TB in the mid-1980s signaled the rise of case counts until the height of TB in 1992 for many years (Shrestha and Hill, 2017). Case levels started to drop in 1993 and 2011 the overall number of tube cases recorded since the height of the resurgence decreased 19 times in the United States. The overall number of TB cases dropped 5% – 7% annually from 1993 to 2002.
Although the trends continued to fall from 2003 to 2008, they were slightly slower. In 2009, however, the overall number of cases of TB declined by more than 10 percent from 2008 to 2009, with an unparalleled fall. A total of 10,528 cases of TB have been registered in 2011. This reflects a 5.8 percent fall compared to 2010. The risk of contracting TB disease following M infection is high for HIV-infected individuals. TB illness. TB. In the 25-44 age range, the share of HIV coinfection decreased from a peak of 29% in 1993 to 10% in 2011 among persons with TB disease (Shrestha and Hill, 2017). The HIV-coinfection ratio dropped from 15% in 1993 to 6% in 2011 at all ages. MDR TB is caused by at least isoniazid and rifampin-resistant cells, the two most potent antibiotics for TB, and is seriously concerned with public health.
US Citizens and Immigrants
The total percentage and numbers of cases of MDR TB declined both for U.S.-born and foreign-born individuals, but the reduction in U.S.-born individuals was higher. As a result, from roughly 24% of all MDR TB cases in 1993 to 83% in 2011, a proportion of all predominant MDR TB cases identified and related to international birth was boosted (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). The number of incidents of XDR TB in the U.S. does not indicate an obvious pattern over time. In a single year that met the XDR TB case description, the largest number of cases reported was 10 in 1993. In 2003 or 2009, no cases were registered. In 2010 there was one case of XDR TB, and in 2011 there were six cases.
Conclusion
It is promising to decreased TB cases and MDR TB, but a valuable life lesson from the earlier revival of TB. The possible epidemic is each case of TB. Health departments must be ready to identify patients who’ve had active TB disease quickly to handle them, as well as to identify and treat close associates who may have been contaminated by people with active TB disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Identifying which classes are more likely to get contaminated with M. The TB prevention and management efforts can be strengthened by tuberculosis and health authorities.
References
Stewart, R.J., Tsang, C.A., Pratt, R.H. Price, S.F., & Langer, A.J. (2018). Tuberculosis – United States, 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67, 317-323. Retrieved from LINK: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6711a2.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017, July 26). 5 things to know about TB . Available from LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA_fObLY6GE&list=PLvrp9iOILTQbLgGgFba6x9cwBZT3GfQMV
Shrestha, S., Hill, A. N., Marks, S. M., & Dowdy, D. W. (2017 October 15). Comparing drivers and dynamics of tuberculosis in California, Florida, New York, and Texas. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 196(8), 1050-1059. Obtained from Trident Online Library
Running Head: HEALTH BEHAVIOR, COMMUNICATION, AND ADVOCACY
HEALTH BEHAVIOR, COMMUNICATION, AND ADVOCACY
7
Health Behavior, Communication, and Advocacy
Jaydin Davis
Trident at American InterContinental University
Module 2 SLP: BHS499 Senior Capstone Project
Dr. Robert Grice
December 22, 2020
Health Behavior, Communication, and Advocacy
Human Resource (HR) IN Healthcare Safety
The safety and health of employees are crucially affected by human resources (HR). Most HR departments do not only facilitate the well-being of each part of an employee. In this situation, administrators should use all the tools available to establish and enforce protection and health practices in an organization. Based on Sara, an open discussion, coordination of facility management, and health and safety training should be developed by the HR Department to ensure that all stakeholders know about the outbreak of tuberculosis (TB). Not only are they life-threatening, but they can also limit productivity on the ground (Adu, 2018). The most significant disadvantage for every organization will be the loss of dangerous and healthy staff during their working hours. Managers should use their tools to define and sustain corporate health and safety practices. Here are HR techniques to promote and maintain the well-being and safety of employees;
Establish Open Communication
The promotion of open communication on all health or safety associated incidents is a crucial aspect of maintaining workers’ morale. When expressing concern over company safety targets, no employee should be scared. An HR staff must meet personally with the workers to help them feel more secure communicating to an HR staff if they fear sharing safety issues with direct bosses.
Implement a strict safety policy
Workers who are not authorized to work in a high-risk role should be prohibited from visiting dangerous environments. The applicants would know if they are eligible for such positions by marking insecure conditions, posting stern warning signs, and listing credentials appropriate for such employment in workplaces. For a company office with less physical hazards, any possible risks, such as broken glass or another form of leakages, should be detected early.
Provide health and safety training
It is important to provide all workers with required safety awareness programs to handle themselves while wounded and isolated. It is necessary to provide emergency response plan training. Ensure the staff is useful in the case of disaster by carrying out fire and rescue drills occasionally. Encourage staff who are ill and have leaves without reprimand to be responsible. An organization can recognize all possible risks by applying safety standards to keep workers safe and stable when on the field (Rieger, 2018).
The various types of non-clinical personnel and hospital and responsible for the private and public health intervention may be described as human capital in healthcare. Many programs on human capital often include measures to improve justice or equality. Strategies to encourage equality following needs need more comprehensive health care planning (Rieger, 2018). Some of these involve developing systems of financial security, particular needs and classes, and the provision of re-deployment facilities. In this case, first, undertake a situation analysis for Sara. Get feedback from informants and concerned employees as well as partners. Compile these statements and make a report.
Determine whether this situation has happened before, and apply mandated policies and guidelines applicable to Sara’s case. Assign a multidisciplinary team that can do contact tracing, mandatory check-ups, and health education. Redefining policies is one of the HR department’s core roles, aside from compensation, hiring, and benefits (Rieger, 2018). Something easily transmitted like tuberculosis should require a systemic response like what I have stated. We should advocate that health is essential to us; it is God’s gift that we should take care of it. We should engage people to do some recreational activities that most people tend to do it. It is like commonly we do it for ourselves to make our body healthy. Life has a step by step process that makes our body have some improvement.
Implications of Human Resources (HR)
Health policies are not adequate to be necessarily healthy. If they linger in the planning process and refuse to take adequate economic and social conditions, their impact would possibly be negligible to the stakeholders (Ali, 2019). Their accomplishment is highly based on how they grow and execute. Many critics claim that inadequate care given to HR concerns is specifically a significant health policy inadequacy, and if HR problems are discussed, they are usually defined by:
A limited vision of HR
Reduced to staff management, i.e., recruiting, discipline, and grievance management organizational activities. This reduces and isolates the position of HR managers within the university. This HR does not resolve all facets of employee concerns.
Dispersal of accountability and lack of coordinated actions
The HR development officials frequently restrict their health ministries’ position to personnel preparation and distribution and leave other, more important issues to policymakers. This activity has contributed to an interconnection between health and HR operations (Ali, 2019). E.g., the training curriculum will overlay and not always satisfy needs of the shareholders. The assumption that the key players dealing with the planning and advancement of workers are not routinely strategically consulted opens up the door to uncoordinated, often opposing initiatives.
Reactive attitudes in the management of the health workforce
It In Turkey, for example, it has been noted that, mostly within the general policy context and without clear association with the health needs, governments set very broad, annually updated HR targets. New schools are also opened, admissions to existing schools are extended, or restrictions are also temporarily relaxed on hiring health staff so that issues can quickly be tackled.
Subordination of HR decisions to economic criteria
Health workers are often viewed as simple instruments for development, like when cash benefits are implemented to improve productivity, without taking those aspects of employment into account. Consequently, the predicted effects are not obtained consistently by these interventions (Ali, 2019). Government problems such as the size of the workforce and salary loans seem to be more discussed by macro-economic issues and easily ignore other critical issues about job organization, worker motivation, and individual results.
These findings indicate the obstacles be overcome before HR concerns can be integrated more firmly into health policy. The international health policy plan contains workforce challenges among the most challenging issues (Ali, 2019). They have only been adopted partly in countries where domestic HR development plans have been drafted, and few countries measure policy success in this region. Therefore, HR concerns remain important and can only be detrimental to health system improvements if they are not included in health policy agendas amongst the shareholders.
References
Adu, P. A., Yassi, A., Ehrlich, R., & Spiegel, J. M. (2018). 899 Exploring Key Informant Perceptions Regarding the Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis among Healthcare Workers.
Ali, S. M., Curralo, A. F., Boulos, M. N. K., & Paiva, S. (2019). A Framework for Improving the Engagement of Medical Practitioners in an E-Training Platform for Tuberculosis Care and Prevention. Future Internet, 11(1), 6.
Rieger, M. A., Burgess, S., Junne, F., Rothermund, E., Gündel, H., Zipfel, S., & Michaelis, M. (2018). 985 Prevention of Common Mental Disorders in Employees–Attitudes of Health Care Professionals, Human Resources Managers, and Employees in Germany.
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY 1
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY 4
Health Care Delivery
Jaydin Davis
Trident at American InterContinental University
Module 3 SLP: BHS499 Senior Capstone Project
January 7, 2021
Introduction
The various steps of research are important in gathering relevant information about the worker. This information is important as it will be used in ascertaining the magnitude of the situation at hand. However, as data is collected from the employees at the organization, confidentiality is essential. Vaught and Grace (2000) emphasized employee confidentiality in occupational healthcare. This is why medical records should be stored in line with data protection legislation. The leader plays an important role in ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of the employee’s records. This is because the leader should be able to protect all the employees at the organization without discrimination.
Healthcare workers’ privacy and confidentiality in ensuring all workers are safe in the worksite
Privacy and confidentiality play an important role in health care. This is because privacy articulates who has the right to access personal information while confidentiality prevents medical professionals from disclosing the information that is shared by a patient. In a work setting, agencies are no allowed to share the personal information of an employee as it contravenes the privacy and confidentiality clause. Confidentiality is considered an ethical principle in health services. This is why it important not to disclose the private health information of the employee. Heikkinen et al., (2006) advised it is difficult to protect confidentiality in a workplace due to the ethical challenges raised. These ethical challenges include the obligation of the entire workforce coinciding with the obligation of protecting one employee. However, there are various arguments for the disclosure of a patient’s information which are in line with the ethical challenges mentioned. In Sara’s scenario, the information was divulged due to the nature of the condition which is highly contagious. It can be considered that the information was divulged to ensure the safety of all the workers on the site.
The role of the manager versus a leader in this scenario and how this situation should be handled
The manager and the leader play different roles when handling the crisis in the organization. Whereas the leader is supposed to be in control of the situation by taking responsibility and advising others, managers are known to play politics and assign blame. According to Fener and Cevik (2015), the current leader will make a scenario analysis and work with the team to gather different viewpoints before concluding. This when applied to the Sara scenario the leader would have analyzed the situation instead of alienating Sara and ensure enough information was gathered about the disease. This would have been done to protect both Sara and the other workmates. This would have been done considering TB is highly contagious and infectious. The manager who was Sara’s boss alienated her instead of handling the situation as a leader.
Conclusion
The Sara scenario brings the complexity of privacy and confidentiality of personal information. According to Vaught and Grace (2000) utilitarianism bases the action on whether it maximizes the overall good. It can therefore be considered good if the confidentiality of a patient was breached to protect many in the organization. This can be applied to the Sara scenario where a highly contagious disease requires informing the management to protect the others within the organization. Unfortunately, it ended up with Sara being isolated.
References
Fener, Tuğba & Çedikçi Çevik, Tuğçe. (2015). Leadership in Crisis Management: Separation of Leadership and Executive Concepts. Procedia Economics and Finance. 26. 695-701. 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00817-5.
Heikkinen, A., Launis, V., Wainwright, P., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2006). Privacy and occupational health services. Journal of medical ethics, 32(9), 522–525. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.013557
Vaught Wayne and Grace Paranzino. (2000). Confidentiality in Occupational Health Care. AAOHN Journal Vol. 48. NO.5 (pp. 243-254).