Rewriting answers essay

2.What are the differences between the terms ‘health disparities’ and ‘health equity’?
Please give one specific example in each of your answers.
Health disparities are the differences in health status between population groups, such
as disease rates. Lack of health equity is what caused those differences. One example
of health disparity is infant mortality in which babies are born to Black women in the
United States. On the other hand, health equity are actions to eliminate the inequities in
health, both determinants and outcomes, to ensure all population groups have
opportunities to attain the highest possible level of health. Lack of health equity are
often viewed as the causes of a health disparity. An example of health equity could be
the same health center charging people based on their ability to pay. A person who
cannot afford care may receive it for free while another person may pay for the same
care.
7. This is a two-part question: (a) What is Germ Theory? (b) Please give at least one
specific example of how Germ Theory influenced the urban sanitary approach to public
health?
According to the reading by Professor Jason Corburn, germ theory stated that microbes
were the specific agents that caused infectious disease (Susser and Susser 1996). Due
to the germ theory, medical treatment and disease management began to supersede
strategies of physically removing harms, and public health shifted toward interventions
aimed at eliminating bacteria. One specific example is bacteriology stimulated
laboratory research aimed at developing vaccines to immunize the poor, rather than
clean up their neighborhoods and workplaces. Laboratory public health research also
tested drinking water, milk, and food for disease-carrying microbes. This research led to
compulsory vaccinations for school-age children and the chlorination of municipal
drinking water supplies (Leavitt 1992).
9. In 1977, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued Statistical Directive No.
15 that defined racial and ethnic categories to be utilized by the federal government for
statistical, administrative, and civil rights compliance. What are the categories defined
by the US Census? List 3 challenges with these categories as highlighted by Omi &
Winant, in Chapter 4 of their book, Racial Formation in the United States.
The categories that were defined by the US Census are American Indian or Alaskan
Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, Black, White, and Hispanic (U.S. Office of
Management and Budget 1994).
The issue is the obvious gap between state definitions and individual or group forms of
self-identification. As indicated by the U.S. Statistics Bureau, in the course of the last
four Censuses (from 1980 to 2010) in any event 40% of “Hispanics” neglected to
respond to either the race question as well as the identity question. Correspondingly,
more than 95 percent of individuals who mark the “Some Other Race” box were
arranged Hispanic by the Census. This reflects individual, gathering, or potentially
public contrasts in conceptualizing race. Immigrant groups who come from social orders
coordinated around various ideas of race and nationality regularly experience issues
exploring and arranging themselves inside U.S. racial classifications. Groups continually
contest the existing system of racial classification. Arab Americans, currently classified
as “white,” have argued for a distinctive category to capture forms of discrimination
exemplified by the hate crimes and profiling that have occurred as a result of the “War
on Terror” and continuing political instability in the Middle East. Taiwanese Americans
have been lobbying for a distinctive category as Taiwanese, separate from that of
Chinese under the Asian or Pacific Islander category. In both these instances, racial
and ethnic consciousness is being fueled in large part by geopolitical transformations
that affect how groups see themselves as well as how they are viewed by others.
10. According to Diez-Roux, what is systems thinking and why is it important for
understanding COVID-19 public policy responses?
According to Diez-Roux and the reading, systems thinking means recognizing the
impact of multiple levels of organization and heterogeneous units to help us understand
how structures and policies can impact population health in the short and long term.
From systems thinking, It also can help us to understand how interconnected systems
of racism, income inequality, and residential segregation can impact one’s ability to
follow COVID-19 public health guidelines and develop more equitable public policy
responses that improve health and well-being for all.
It’s important for understanding COVID-19 public policy response because it helps us
understand how social distancing and stay-at-home orders may affect population health
beyond the impact of COVID-19, resulting in both intended and unintended
consequences that can be either good or bad for health. Infectious disease
epidemiologists have long used systems modeling approaches to predict the evolution
of epidemics. Today, these models form the basis for many projections of the evolution
of the COVID-19 pandemic. They can be used to capture the processes of disease
transmission under different conditions (for example, different degrees of social contact)
and to evaluate the impact of various interventions on the numbers of cases and
deaths.
12. Define the Model Minority idea, give at least one reason why this is myth and one
way this myth can adversely impact population health.
The Model Minority idea characterizes Asian Americans as a polite, law-abiding group
who have achieved a higher level of success than the general population through some
combination of innate talent and pull-yourselves-up-by-your bootstraps immigrant
striving. The idea erases the differences among individuals, ignores the diversity of
Asian American cultures, and erases racism against Asian Americans. It is considered a
myth because it seems as if it was intended to drive a wedge between different
disadvantaged groups. Another problem is that the idea perpetuates the belief that any
minority has the capability to rise economically without assistance and ignores the
differences between the history of Asian Americans and African Americans, as well as
Hispanics, in the United States.
It can adversely impact population health by contributing to the lack of adequate
healthcare services and medical research through the lumping together of Asian
populations without acknowledging cultural, socioeconomic, and other differences
between these groups.
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